Characterization of essential oil components from an Algerian Auresian Anacyclus clavatus using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, with its antioxidant capability
Abstract
This study included the volatile composition and antioxidant potential of an Algerian Auresian Anacyclus clavatus. A. clavatus essential oil (ACEO) and crude methanol extract (ACME) were obtained using the steam distillation process and maceration techniques. Phenols and flavonoids were found in moderate amounts in ACME. ACEO exhibited moderate antioxidant capacity using β-carotene bleaching assays (40.09 ± 3.7% and 78.1 ± 5.28%, respectively). The main volatile constituents of ACEO were octadecanol (33.08%), caryophyllene oxide (5.10%), cis-thujone (4.81%), tetracosane (4.36%), nonanal (4.05%), and phytone (3.66%), respectively, with nonanal and phytone as key compounds in ACEO for the first time. These results will certainly contribute to enrich our knowledge of the currently limited information about the chemical composition of ACEO and suggest this species as a viable source of bioactive chemicals with potential uses in medicines and nutraceuticals.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Acosta-Vega, L., Cifuentes, A., Ibáñez, E., & Galeano Garcia, P. (2025). Exploring natural deep eutectic solvents (nades) for enhanced essential oil extraction: current insights and applications. Molecules, 30(2), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30020284
Adams, R.P. (2017). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, ed. 4.1, Biology Department Baylor University.
Aliboudhar, H. & Tigrine-Kordjani, N. (2014). Effect of extraction technique on the content and antioxidant activity of crude extract of Anacyclus clavatus flowers and their essential oil composition. Natural Product Research, 28(23), 2140-2149. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.927872
Aliboudhar, H., Tigrine-Kordjani, N., & Youcef Meklati, B. (2015). Competition of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation in highlighting volatile phytochemicals of Anacyclus clavatus species. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27(4), 355-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2015.1029083
Aliboudhar, H., Tigrine-Kordjani, N., Hanifi, N., & Meklati, B. Y. (2013). Volatiles profiling and antioxidant activity evaluation of different parts of a medicinal plant: Anacyclus clavatus. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 19(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2012.735215
Babushok, V. I., Linstrom, P. J., & Zenkevich, I. G. (2011). Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 40(4), 043101-043147. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3653552
Baslam A, Aitbaba A, Aboufatima R, Agouram F, Boussaa S, Chait A, Baslam M. (2023). Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activities of Anacyclus pyrethrum: promising bioactive compounds. Horticulturae, 9(11), 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111196
Boaventura, T. P., dos Santos, F. A. C., de Oliveira, P. E. C. M., Braga, N. G., Assis, Y. P. A. S., de Oliveira, J. E., Luz, R.L., & Gisele Cristina Favero, G.C. (2025). Use of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) and its nanoemulsion as sedatives during tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) transport: water quality, survival and physiology. Aquaculture International, 33(2), 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4846016
Buragohain, D., Kundu, P., Nath, R., Kityania, S., Giri, A., & Das Talukdar, A. (2024). Importance of traditional resources in pharmaceutical industries. In: Das Talukdar A, Patra JK, Das G, Nath D., (eds) Traditional resources and tools for modern drug discovery. Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4600-2_15
Burczyk, J., Wierzchowska-Renke, K., Głowniak, K., Głowniak, P., & Marek, D. (2024). Geographie and environmental influences on the variation of essential oil and coumarins in Crithmum maritimum L. Breeding Research on Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, 17(2), 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v09n04_07
Chroho, M., Aazza, M., Bouymajane, A., Majdoub, Y. O. E., Cacciola, F., Mondello, L., Zair, T,. & Bouissa, L. (2022). HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS analysis of phenolic compounds and bioactivities of the ethanolic extract from flowers of Moroccan Anacyclus clavatus. Plants, 11(24), 3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243423
Di Napoli, M., Maresca, V., Varcamonti, M., Bruno, M., Badalamenti, N., Basile, A., & Zanfardino, A. (2020). (+)-(E)-Chrysanthenyl acetate: A molecule with interesting biological properties contained in the Anthemis secundiramea (Asteraceae) flowers. Applied Sciences, 10(19), 6808. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196808
Dimitrijević, M., Stojanović-Radić, Z., Radulović, N., Nešić, M., & Milica Pejčić Pejić, M.P. (2025). Chemical composition and antifungal effect of the essential oil of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don against clinical isolates of Candida spp. Biologica Nyssana, 16(1), 177-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/BiolNyss.16.1.6D
do Nascimento, K. F., Moreira, F. M. F., Santos, J. A., Kassuya, C. A. L., Croda, J. H. R., Cardoso, C. A. L., Carmo Vieira, M., Tasca Góis Ruiz, A. L., Foglio, M. A., de Carvalho, J. E., & Formagio, A. S. N. (2018). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antimycobacterial activities of the essential oil of Psidium guineense Sw. and spathulenol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 210, 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.030
El Baz, A., Mrabti, H. N., Ashmawy, N. S., Khan, S. A., Abdallah, E. M., Al-Mijalli, S. H., Alenazy, R., Alshabrmi, F. M., Bouyahya, A., El Hachlafi, N., Ardianto, C., Ifadotunnikmah, F., & Hmimid, F. (2024). Phytochemical characterization, antimicrobial properties and in silico modeling perspectives of Anacyclus pyrethrum essential oil. Heliyon, 10(16). e35079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35079
Famutimi, O. G., Masha, S., Maluleke, R., Ncapayi, V., Lebepe, T. C., Mgedle, N., Kungwa, C. M., Fanoro, O. T., Adewale, I. O., & Oluwafemi, O. S. (2025). Assessment of antioxidant potential of carbon-based nanomaterials from different sources. Antioxidants, 14(10), 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101227
Ferraz, L.P., & Silva, E.K. (2024). Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction techniques for obtaining vegetable oils and essential oils: Recent progress and opportunities for the food industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 354(2), 128833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128833
Ganesan, T., Subban, M., Christopher Leslee, D. B., Kuppannan, S. B., & Seedevi, P. (2024). Structural characterization of n-hexadecanoic acid from the leaves of Ipomoea eriocarpa and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(13), 14547-14558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03576-w
Ganić, T., Pećinar, I., Nikolić, B., Kekić, D., Tomić, N., Cvetković, S., Vuletić, S., & Mitić-Ćulafić, D. (2025). Evaluation of Cinnamon essential oil and its emulsion on biofilm-associated components of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains. Antibiotics, 14(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14010106
Gao, J. Y., Zou, Y. Y., Liang, Y., Zhang, Y. Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025). The essential oil composition of Lycopodium japonicum and its anti-oxidant activities. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-025-04813-0
Hammami, R., Fernandez, B., Lacroix, C., & Fliss, I. (2013). Anti-infective properties of bacteriocins: an update. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 70(16), 2947-2967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-1202-3
Hazarika, T. K., Debbarma, P., Malsawmkima, G., Barman, K., & Nath, P. C. (2025). Biochemical profiling and antioxidant potential of fruit tissues: a comparative study of Citrus cultivars indigenous to Northeast India. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2025(1), 8833248. https://doi.org/10.1155/jfpp/8833248
Hazrati, S., Mousavi, Z., & Nicola, S. (2024). Harvest time optimization for medicinal and aromatic plant secondary metabolites. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 212, 108735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108735
Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering plant families of the world. Ontario: Firefly books, 88, 424.
Jakovljević, D. 2025. Genetic diversity, cultivation, and utilization of aromatic plants. Industrial Crops Improvement: Biotechnological Approaches for Sustainable Agricultural Development, 19, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75937-6_10
Kumar, G. S., Sholapuri, P., K, D., Shaily Enugonda, M., & BP, G. (2025). In vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory activity of Artemisia vulgaris and β-caryophyllene oxide in carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 48(2), 426-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2024.2415349
Lahmar, I., Yotova, L., & Belghith, K. (2025). Environmental impact on phonological stages in Lavandula officinalis: Chemical profiling of essential oil and extract, antioxidant activity, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 7, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-024-00714-w
López-López, L. P., Hernández-Cuevas, N. A., Acosta-Viana, K. Y., Arana-Argáez, V. E., Torres-Romero, J. C., & Polanco-Hernández, G. M. (2025). Activity of β-Caryophyllene oxide and benznidazole mixture against Trypanosoma cruzi and in silico prediction of anti-trypanocidal interaction. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 93(3), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm93030040
Mahato, D., Mahto, H., & Kumari, S. (2025). Medicinal and aromatic plant cultivation and sustainable development. Industrial Crops Improvement. Sustainable Landscape Planning and Natural Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75937-6_8
Mahdavi, B., Yaacob, W. A., & Din, L. B. (2017). Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Etlingera sayapensis AD Poulsen & Ibrahim. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 10(8), 819-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.08.006
Manouze, H., Bouchatta, O., Gadhi, A. C., Bennis, M., Sokar, Z., & Ba-M’hamed, S. (2017). Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum roots. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00598
Mechergui, K., Khaldi, S., & Jaouadi, W. (2017). Assessment of phenology and morphological diversity of 3 species of asteraceae: Anacyclus clavatus, Chamaemelum fuscatum and Tanacetum parthenium. Asian Journal of Biology, 3(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJOB/2017/34533.
Mifsud, S. (2002). Anacyclus clavatus (White Anacyclus): MaltaWildPlants.com-the online Flora of the Maltese Islands.
Mustafa, K. H., Khorshidi, J., Vafaee, Y., Rastegar, A., Morshedloo, M. R., & Hossaini, S. (2024). Phytochemical profile and antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from different Mentha longifolia L. accessions growing wild in Iran and Iraq. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 461. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05135-z
Nadji, W., Yousfi, B., Barhouchi, B., Salem, R., Yassad, S., & Djekoun, A. (2024). Formulation and development of an antiacne patch containing black seed and clove extracts by using chitosan-gelatin as polymers matrix. Journal of Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(1), 26-37.
Ouasti, I., Ouasti, M., Panda, S., Mahanty, D. S., Bussmann, R. W., & Elachouri, M. (2024). Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers., Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell., Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell. subsp. cyrtolepidioides (Pomel) Humphries, Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag., Anacyclus radiatus Loisel., Anacyclus × valentinus L. –Asteraceae. In Ethnobotany of Northern Africa and Levant. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43105-0_31
Paksoy, M. Y., Selvi, S., Sevindik, E., & Uysal, H. (2016). Soil content in the Anacyclus L. (Asteraceae) genus growing in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 1(1), 8-12.
Quezel, P., & Santa, S. (1963a). Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales. Tome II, Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 15, quai Anatole-France, Paris, 978.
Quezel, P., & Santa, S. (1963b). Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales. Tome II, Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 15, quai Anatole-France, Paris, 979.
Sarmah, A., & Bora, D.J. (2025). Carbon farming and the green economy: a science-based framework for sustainable agricultural transformation." In book: Advances in Modern Agriculture: Research and Innovation Publisher: Bhumi Publishing, India, 25(2), 209-225.
Shabana, S. M., Gad, N. S., Othman, A. I., Mohamed, A. F., & El-Missiry, M. A. (2023). βcaryophyllene oxide induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells. Medical Oncology, 40(7), 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-023-02022-9
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 152-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
Sissi, S., Ouhaddou, S., Dilagui, I., Soraa, N., Bellioua, S., Larhsini, M., & Markouk, M. (2024). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Anacyclus maroccanus Ball. And Anacyclus radiatus Loisel. essential oils against multidrug resistant microbial pathogens. Natural Product Communications, 19(10), 1934578X241289844. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X241289844
Solgi, M., Bagnazari, M., Mohammadi, M., & Azizi, A. (2025). Thymbra spicata extract and arbuscular mycorrhizae improved the morphophysiological traits, biochemical properties, and essential oil content and composition of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Under salinity stress. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06221-6
Šovljanski, O., Kljakić, A. C., & Tomić, A. (2025). Antibacterial and antifungal potential of plant secondary metabolites. In Plant specialized metabolites: Phytochemistry, Ecology and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51158-5_6
Suttiarporn, P., Taithaisong, T., Namkhot, S., & Luangkamin, S. (2025). Enhanced eugenol composition in clove essential oil by deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic extraction and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. Molecules, 30(3), 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030504
Takada, H., Kokubo, K., Matsubayashi, K., & Oshima, T. (2006). Antioxidant activity of supramolecular water-soluble fullerenes evaluated by β-carotene bleaching assay. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 70(12), 3088-3093. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60491
Vitales, D., Feliner, G. N., Valles, J., Garnatje, T., Firat, M., & Alvarez, I. (2018). A new circumscription of the Mediterranean genus Anacyclus (Anthemideae, Asteraceae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA markers. Phytotaxa, 349(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.349.1.1
Vlocskó, R. B., Mastyugin, M., Török, B., & Török, M. (2025). Correlation of physicochemical properties with antioxidant activity in phenol and thiophenol analogues. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83982-4
Yazıcı, Ö., & Sevgili, L. M. (2024). Obtaining cumin (Cuminum Cymminum) essential oils by steam distillation. Part I: Investigation of operation parameters on essential oil yield and distribution of oil composition. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 99(2), 481-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7550
Yuan, D., Ju, C., Ding, S., Jing, X., & Zhang, C. (2010). Synthesis of 1-octadecanol-modified water-swelling polyurethane hydrogels as vaginal drug-delivery vehicle. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 21(4), 493-505. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856209X427032
Zardi-Bergaoui, A., Harzallah-Skhiri, F., Hammami, S., Chreaif, I., Cheriaa-Issa, J., Jannet, H. B., & Mighri, Z. (2008). Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Flowerheads of Anacyclus cyrtolepidioïdes Pomel from Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 11(6), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2008.10643669
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.